T-130: Five follow-up rational refinements from Couzo

V3 C3 Upper bound confirmed superseded by T-174, T-186 and T-224

2026-10-08 published · Couzo after Xu, Daniel, Ellsworth, Levy · 5 cases, n=84 to 270

Five complete rational source certificates by Couzo, reported in a comment on pull request jlevy/squares#460, prove finite upper bounds at the exact sides they state: s(84)≤9.697934799014921307163820128651, s(86)≤9.820535407496742209971278280039, s(105)≤10.789303783748158831034729697921, s(175)≤13.767155163542549110085664417048 and s(270)≤16.9367230228761834072968722597.

Each certificate gives a rational side and, for each unit square, a rational centre and the tangent of its half-angle, in Daniel's format. The source reports passes from Daniel's verify_cert.py and a copy of this repository's sqpack verifier.

All 15 retained jobs, the five positives with their duplicate-square and outside-container controls, were decided again here on 10 October 2026 by both maintained exact routes and equal their retained rows, and a third exact route, half-extent containment and exact intersection area, decided the five certificates with six controls each. One maintained route is the verifier the source ran; the independent rational corner checker and the third route are independently re-implemented. The 10 October review found no blocking defect.

On 11 October 2026 the case records adopted three of them as the house, at 84, 86 and 105. At 175 and 270 smaller certificates hold the case (at 175 issue 528's, T-158, and at 270 issue 500's, T-151, both since 12 October 2026), and these two stay verified and are not selected.

Credit Couzo (https://github.com/franciscouzo/square-packing), refining Xu's packings at 84, 86, 105 and 175 and Daniel's at 270 by his basin hopping and, at 175, Ellsworth's refine_packing and Daniel's fq; Daniel's exact contact solver wrote the certificates.

Significance, composition and next rung
Significance
Five smaller finite construction sides at n=84, 86, 105, 175 and 270, 3.03e-05 to 1.74e-03 below the case ceilings, each an earlier packing refined to a new optimum; no lower bound or optimum.
Next rung
V4 and C4 need a retained human oversight record: two accepted adversarial reviews by distinct AI reviewers are retained, the 10 October review and the 11 October final review (docs/project/reviews/review-2026-10-11-final-upper-bounds.md).
Novelty
previously-published Present in an identified source

The cases

This result concerns 5 cases, too many to draw one by one. Each is listed with the film’s bounds, the proved lower bound and the best known side, and links to its case record, where its packing and number line are drawn.

nProved lowerBest knownGapStatusRecords
849.4225009.6979350.27543479…open=frontier n-084.md
869.5030009.8205360.31753540…frontier n-086.md
10510.28000010.7893040.50930378…frontier n-105.md
17513.23773913.7641750.52643511…frontier n-175.md
27016.44521816.9281630.48294353…frontier n-270.md

Results on these cases

39 results in the register on these cases, oldest first
  1. 2005 published T-007 · 5 of these cases

    s(n)≥min(⌈n⌉,n−2⌊n⌋+1+1) for 4≤n≤324

    Lower bound incomplete on these cases, superseded by T-073, T-080, T-083, T-090, T-180 (reported) and T-206

    Nagamochi · Nagamochi 2005 · source · register

  2. 2026-09-04 published T-085 · 5 of these cases

    Nagamochi 2005, Lemma 1 is false for every container with a>3 and b>2

    Correction confirmed

    Karakuş; Vlasenko · Karakuş 2026 · chelokot Nagamochi counterexample 2026 · packet · register

  3. 2026-09-27 published T-046 · case 86

    Rectangle-density lower bounds reported for 48 counts in n=18…95

    Lower bound recorded superseded by T-090

    Hosono after Tokoharu, Levy, Stromquist, Nagamochi, Burns, Massaccesi · wand125 rectangle bounds 2026 · wand125 rectangle bounds 2026-09-28 · packet · packet · register

  4. 2026-09-27 published T-056 · cases 105, 270

    Smaller packings for 49 counts from n=68 to 307, each certified two independent ways

    Upper bound confirmed superseded by T-174 and T-224

    Couzo · franciscouzo square-packing 2026-09-27 · packet · register

  5. 2026-09-28 published T-070 · case 86

    Rectangle-density lower bounds replayed at 25 counts in n=29…95

    Lower bound confirmed superseded by T-090

    Hosono after Tokoharu, Levy, Stromquist, Nagamochi, Burns, Massaccesi · wand125 rectangle bounds 2026-09-28 · packet · packet · source · review · register

  6. 2026-09-29 published T-058 · cases 84, 86

    Rectangle-certificate ceiling α·UB(n) proved for n=1..100; B·UB(n) on 64 grid rows

    Method limit confirmed

    Hosono after Tokoharu, Daniel · wand125 tools 2026 · packet · register

  7. 2026-09-29 published T-083 · 5 of these cases

    s(n)≥1/2+n−⌊n⌋+1/4 for every nonsquare 8≤n≤324

    Lower bound confirmed

    Karakuş · Karakuş 2026 · source · register

  8. 2026-10-01 published T-068 · case 86

    Rectangle-density lower bounds verified at 34 counts in n=19…95

    Lower bound confirmed on these cases, superseded by T-090

    Hosono after Tokoharu, Levy, Stromquist, Nagamochi, Burns, Massaccesi · wand125 rectangle bounds 2026-10-01 · packet · source · review · register

  9. 2026-10-02 published T-071 · cases 84, 86

    Mixed rectangle-measure lower bounds replayed at n=84…87

    Lower bound confirmed superseded by T-090 and T-206

    Hosono after Tokoharu, Levy, Stromquist, Nagamochi, Burns, Massaccesi · wand125 mixed bounds 2026-10-02 · packet · source · review · register

  10. 2026-10-02 published T-073 · case 105

    Linear-measure lower bounds replayed at n=83 and n=101…105

    Lower bound confirmed

    Hosono after Tokoharu, Levy, Stromquist, Nagamochi, Burns, Massaccesi · wand125 linear certificates 2026-10-02 · packet · source · review · register

  11. 2026-10-02 published T-075 · case 86

    Mixed rectangle-measure lower bounds replayed at nine counts in n=83…96

    Lower bound confirmed on these cases, superseded by T-090

    Hosono after Tokoharu, Levy, Stromquist, Nagamochi, Burns, Massaccesi · wand125 mixed bounds afternoon 2026-10-02 · packet · source 1 · source 2 · review · register

  12. 2026-10-02 published T-080 · case 105

    Linear-measure lower bound replayed at n=101…105

    Lower bound confirmed

    Hosono after Tokoharu, Levy, Stromquist, Nagamochi, Burns, Massaccesi · wand125 linear certificates 2026-10-02 · packet · source · review · register

  13. 2026-10-03 published T-082 · case 86

    Mixed rectangle-measure lower bounds verified at 22 counts in n=51…96

    Lower bound confirmed on these cases, superseded by T-090

    Hosono after Tokoharu, Levy, Stromquist, Nagamochi, Burns, Massaccesi · wand125 mixed bounds 2026-10-03 · packet · packet · source · review · register

  14. 2026-10-04 published T-090 · cases 84, 86

    Mixed rectangle-measure lower bounds verified at 17 counts in n=42…96

    Lower bound confirmed

    Hosono after Tokoharu, Levy, Stromquist, Nagamochi, Burns, Massaccesi · wand125 mixed bounds 2026-10-04 · packet · source · review · register

  15. 2026-10-05 published T-094 · case 84

    Mixed rectangle-measure lower bounds verified at n=67 and 84

    Lower bound confirmed on these cases, superseded by T-206

    Hosono after Tokoharu, Levy, Stromquist, Nagamochi, Burns, Massaccesi · wand125 mixed bounds 2026-10-05 · packet · source · review · register

  16. 2026-10-05 published T-098 · case 270

    Exact optima of 48 known-best packings: s(n) ≤ S', 3.5e-13 to 5.0e-11 below each printed side

    Upper bound confirmed on these cases, superseded by T-224

    Daniel after Couzo, de Winter, Ellsworth, Levy · evand exact optima 2026-10-05 · packet · register

  17. 2026-10-05 published T-101 · case 175

    Exact certificates of 77 catalogue packings: s(n) ≤ S', 1.2e-16 to 9.8e-15 above each side

    Upper bound confirmed on these cases, superseded by T-186

    Daniel after Couzo, de Winter, Ellsworth, Levy · evand exact optima 2026-10-05 · packet · register

  18. 2026-10-07 published T-117 · case 105

    Exact rational ceiling refinements at n=105, 292

    Upper bound confirmed superseded by T-174

    Rehwaldt after Couzo and earlier contributors · Rehwaldt Couzo refinements 2026-10-07 · packet · register

  19. 2026-10-07 published T-119 · case 270

    Three exact feasible upper bounds at n=266,270,272 from new source arrangements

    Upper bound confirmed on these cases, superseded by T-224

    Daniel after Levy, Ellsworth, Couzo, Stead · Daniel new arrangements 2026-10-07 · packet · register

  20. 2026-10-07 published T-129 · case 105

    Three dated Daniel certificate reports with historical source custody

    Upper bound recorded superseded by T-174

    Daniel after Couzo, Levy · Daniel dated certificates 105 and 130 2026-10-07 · Daniel dated certificate 292 2026-10-07 · packet · packet · packet · register

  21. 2026-10-08 published T-125 · cases 84, 86, 105, 175

    Complete rational construction reports at 25 counts

    Upper bound confirmed superseded by T-174 and T-186

    Xu · ry-xu square packing 2026 · packet · register

  22. 2026-10-08 published T-128 · case 105

    Eight complete rational refinements from Couzo

    Upper bound confirmed superseded by T-174

    Couzo after Xu, Chaoweeraprasit, Gupta, Ellsworth, Daniel, Levy · Couzo exact refinements 2026-10-08 · packet · register

  23. 2026-10-08 published T-130 this result · 5 of these cases

    Five follow-up rational refinements from Couzo

    Upper bound confirmed superseded by T-174, T-186 and T-224

    Couzo after Xu, Daniel, Ellsworth, Levy · Couzo follow-up refinements 2026-10-08 · packet · register

  24. 2026-10-09 published T-134 · case 270

    Six exact rational certificates from Couzo

    Upper bound confirmed on these cases, superseded by T-224

    Couzo after Polkovskyi, Chaoweeraprasit, Gupta, Xu, Daniel, Ellsworth, Levy · Couzo exact certificates 2026-10-09 · packet · register

  25. 2026-10-09 published T-136 · case 270

    Seventeen exact rational packings from SQUISH's third request

    Upper bound confirmed on these cases, superseded by T-224

    Chaoweeraprasit after Couzo, Xu, Göbel, Schadt, Ellsworth, Hajba, Levy · SQUISH third request 2026-10-09 · packet · register

  26. 2026-10-09 published T-138 · 5 of these cases

    Exact witnesses at Mishapolk's printed ceilings, the smallest known at 103 and 258 when registered

    Upper bound confirmed superseded by T-174, T-186 and T-224

    Polkovskyi after Stenlund, Friedman, Ellsworth, Chaoweeraprasit, Couzo, Xu, Levy · Mishapolk decimal poses 2026-10-09 · packet · register

  27. 2026-10-10 published T-140 · cases 175, 270

    Six more exact rational certificates from Couzo

    Upper bound confirmed superseded by T-186 and T-224

    Couzo after Chaoweeraprasit, Polkovskyi, Xu, Daniel, Ellsworth, Levy · Couzo certificates 2026-10-10 · packet · register

  28. 2026-10-11 published T-151 · case 270

    Nine exact rational packings from SQUISH's fourth request

    Upper bound confirmed superseded by T-224

    Chaoweeraprasit after Couzo, Gupta, Ellsworth, Friedman, Levy · SQUISH fourth request 2026-10-11 · packet · register

  29. 2026-10-11 published T-185 · case 175

    A tighter packing of 175 squares from Couzo, superseded by Ostashev's composition

    Upper bound confirmed superseded by T-186

    Couzo after Xu, Daniel, Ellsworth, Levy · Couzo n175 2026-10-11 · packet · register

  30. 2026-10-12 published T-158 · case 175

    New packings of 175, 232 and 264 squares built on a new 38-square rectangle, each certified exactly

    Upper bound confirmed superseded by T-186

    Ostashev after Nakajima, Ellsworth, Schadt, Friedman, de Winter, Daniel, Levy, Xu · Ostashev records 2026-10-12 · packet · register

  31. 2026-10-12 published T-170 · case 105

    An exact contact refinement of Xu's packing of 105 squares, after Couzo's

    Upper bound confirmed superseded by T-174

    PingYou Ltd after Xu, Couzo, Daniel, Levy · PingYou n105 refinement 2026-10-12 · packet · register

  32. 2026-10-13 published T-174 · 5 of these cases

    Tighter certificates at 68 counts from PingYou Ltd, of others' packings and its own

    Upper bound confirmed

    PingYou Ltd after Friedman, Ellsworth, Daniel, Xu, Barnett, Couzo, Ostashev, Chaoweeraprasit, Gupta, Fang, Polkovskyi, Levy · PingYou PR 574 certificates 2026-10-13 · packet · register

  33. 2026-10-13 published T-180 · 5 of these cases

    Closed-form lower bound s(N)≥a(N) for every non-square N≥49, reported

    Lower bound reviewed

    Hosono · wand125 closed form 2026-10-14 · packet · packet · register

  34. 2026-10-14 published T-186 · case 175

    Exact certificates at twelve counts from Polkovskyi, tightening the smallest reported there

    Upper bound confirmed

    Polkovskyi after Ostashev, Couzo, PingYou Ltd, Levy · Mishapolk KKT refinements 2026-10-14 · packet · register

  35. 2026-10-16 published T-193 · case 175

    Exact algebraic sides at sixteen counts from Daniel, of packings the record credits

    Upper bound confirmed on these cases, superseded by T-186

    Daniel after Xu, Chaoweeraprasit, Ostashev, Couzo, PingYou Ltd, Gupta, Polkovskyi, Levy · Daniel exact current records 2026-10-16 · packet · register

  36. 2026-10-16 published T-206 · case 84

    Mixed rectangle-measure lower bound s(84)≥3769/400 verified, on the 201-direction net

    Lower bound confirmed

    Hosono after Tokoharu and Levy · wand125 fine-net lower bounds 2026-10-16 · packet · source · review · register

  37. 2026-10-16 published T-208 · case 86

    Mixed rectangle-measure lower bound s(86)≥3811/400 reported, on the 201-direction net

    Lower bound recorded

    Hosono after Tokoharu and Levy · wand125 fine-net lower bounds 2026-10-16 · packet · register

  38. 2026-10-20 published T-224 · case 270

    Daniel's smaller n270 packing, another arrangement found from Chaoweeraprasit's, certified exactly

    Upper bound confirmed

    Daniel after Chaoweeraprasit, Levy · Daniel n270 sweep 2026-10-20 · packet · register

  39. 2026-10-22 published T-229 · case 105

    Polkovskyi's re-solves of the house packings at 105 and 204, below T-174 and T-225

    Upper bound recorded

    Polkovskyi after Couzo, Muglich, Daniel, Xu, PingYou Ltd, Levy · Mishapolk issue 719 2026-10-22 · packet · register